Medical Education in Russia

Medical Education in Russia

Russia, otherwise called the Russian Federation is the biggest nation on the planet situated in northern Eurasia. The nation shares it imparts outskirts to Norway and Finland in the northwest, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus in the west, China, Mongolia and the Korean People's Democratic Republic in the southeast.

These days, Russia has increased high fame among the understudies from around the globe who are keen on considering medication abroad. Russia has become a significant center of clinical training in Europe. With the most recent innovation and offices accessible in the Russian clinical colleges, the quality and arrangement of clinical training in Russia has increased a lot of high notoriety among the outside understudies. The Russia Medical Universities have stepped a situation for themselves with their remarkable clinical showing style which is unequaled by some other nation.

The expense of clinical training in Russian Medical Universities is a lot of lower in correlation with those in different nations of Europe, UK, USA and numerous others. The administration of Russia watches out for the clinical instruction framework making it further developed with world class foundation and innovation. Notwithstanding offering a reasonable instruction in medication, Russia furnishes the understudies with excellent way of life requiring little to no effort. For a long time, Russian clinical colleges have been the main establishments in Medical investigations on the planet. The books and perusing material gave in Russian clinical schools comes in a few of dialects which makes it simpler for global understudies to gain proficiency with their subject.

The clinical degree from any Russian Medical University is all around perceived by the world's significant associations like UNESCO, WHO and MCI. The understudies who drop from a clinical school in Russia are qualified to work in any piece of the world in the wake of finishing the particular national clinical test of that nation.

The understudies are not required to take IELTS/TOEFL for confirmation in clinical schools in Russia. The span of MBBS in Russia is 6 years. Russia offers a multi social condition to the clinical understudies. The educational plan of Russian clinical colleges is refreshed each year as indicated by the worldwide norms. The understudies considering medication in Russia are urged to take part in different classes and meetings held in different colleges which encourages them in increasing great experience and information in their field.

Why study medication in Russia?

Examining medication in Russia gives numerous advantages to the understudies like:

1. The affirmation method is straightforward.

2. Understudies are not required to take any selection test for confirmation in clinical universities in Russia.

3. The nature of training in Russian clinical schools is high.

4. Numerous Russian clinical schools offer educating in English which is an incredible bit of leeway for remote understudies.

5. The living expense and the education cost of the clinical colleges of Russia is a lot of moderate when contrasted with different nations.

6. The clinical colleges of Russia are licensed globally.

7. Russian clinical degrees are perceived by WHO, UNESCO, MCI and so forth.

8. The understudies are given functional trainings in facilities and medical clinics that help them in understanding their field of study in a vastly improved manner.

9. The security in the clinical college grounds is very much kept up.

10. The visa procedure for the understudies is extremely basic when contrasted with different nations.

Application Requirements:

1. The understudy must have a secondary school certificate. He/she more likely than not scored a base half of imprints in Physics, Chemistry and Biology.

2. The application document ought to incorporate the duplicate of secondary school recognition and scholarly records of results.

3. Legitimate identification or other travel records.

4. Clinical testament expressing general wellbeing condition, X-beam and HIV test results from the State Hospital.

5. Birth authentication

6. Application structure

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes

Around 10% surprisingly with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is brought about by an immune system response where the body's resistance framework assaults the cells that produce insulin. Accordingly, the body creates almost no or no insulin. The specific reasons for this are not yet known, yet are connected to a blend of hereditary and ecological conditions.

Type 1 diabetes can influence individuals at any age, yet as a rule creates in youngsters or youthful grown-ups. Individuals with type 1 diabetes need every day infusions of insulin to control their blood glucose levels. On the off chance that individuals with type 1 diabetes don't approach insulin, they will kick the bucket.

The hazard factors for type 1 diabetes are as yet being inquired about. Be that as it may, having a relative with type 1 diabetes marginally builds the danger of building up the ailment. Natural components and introduction to some popular contaminations have additionally been connected to the danger of creating type 1 diabetes.

                                    

Indications of type 1 diabetes

The most widely recognized side effects of type 1 diabetes include:

Anomalous thirst and dry mouth

Abrupt weight reduction

Visit pee

Absence of vitality, tiredness

Steady craving

Obscured vision

Bedwetting

Diagnosing type 1 diabetes can be troublesome so extra tests might be required to affirm an analysis.

The executives of type 1 diabetes

Individuals with type 1 diabetes require day by day insulin treatment, ordinary blood glucose checking and a solid way of life to deal with their condition viably.

Insulin

All individuals with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin to control their blood glucose levels. There are various kinds of insulin relying upon how rapidly they work, when they pinnacle, and to what extent they last. Insulin is normally conveyed with a syringe, insulin pen or insulin siphon.

Sorts of insulin include:

Quick acting: normally taken not long previously or with a feast. These insulins demonstration rapidly to constrain the ascent in glucose, which follows eating. It is fundamental to keep away from overdosage to limit the danger of low glucose (hypoglycemia). Quick acting insulins incorporate Asparat, Glulisine, Lispro.

Short-acting: generally taken before dinners. These insulins are additionally called normal or unbiased insulins. They don't go about as fast as quick acting insulins and hence might be increasingly proper in specific individuals. Short-acting insulins incorporate Actrapid, Humulin R, Insuman Rapid.

Halfway acting: frequently taken along with a short-acting insulin. Middle of the road acting insulins begin to act inside the main hour of infusing, trailed by a time of pinnacle movement enduring as long as 7 hours. Moderate acting insulins incorporate Humulin NPH, Protaphane, Insulatard.

Long-acting: insulins that are consistently discharged and can rearward in the body for as long as 24 hours. They are usually taken toward the beginning of the day or at night, before hitting the sack. Long-acting insulins incorporate Detemir, Glargine.

Two normal insulin treatment plans include:

Twice-day by day insulin: utilizing both short-acting and middle of the road acting insulin.

Basal bolus routine: short-acting insulin taken with fundamental suppers (typically three times each day) and moderate acting insulin given a few times every day (night or morning and night).

Self-checking

Individuals with diabetes who require insulin need to check their blood glucose levels consistently to educate insulin dose. Self-checking of blood glucose (SBMG) is the name given to the procedure of blood glucose testing by individuals with diabetes at home, school, work or somewhere else. SMBG helps individuals with diabetes and their medicinal services suppliers see how their blood glucose levels fluctuate during the day so their treatment can be balanced in like manner.

Individuals with type 1 diabetes are generally encouraged to quantify their blood glucose level in any event four times each day.

Solid sustenance

Solid sustenance — realizing what and when to eat — is a significant piece of diabetes the board as various nourishments influence your blood glucose levels in an unexpected way.

A sound eating routine for all individuals with diabetes incorporates diminishing the measure of calories in the event that you are overweight, supplanting immersed fats (eg. cream, cheddar, spread) with unsaturated fats (eg. avocado, nuts, olive and vegetable oils), eating dietary fiber (eg. organic product, vegetables, entire grains), and keeping away from tobacco use, over the top liquor and included sugar.

Physical action

Ordinary physical action is basic to assist monitor with blooding glucose levels. It is best when it incorporates a blend of both high-impact (eg. running, swimming, cycling) exercise and obstruction preparing, just as diminishing the measure of time spent being idle.

Counteraction of type 1 diabetes

No compelling and safe mediation right now exists to forestall type 1 diabetes regardless of countless clinical preliminaries planned for stopping the on-going immune system annihilation of pancreatic beta cells. In any case, there is some proof that overweight and a high development rate in youngsters are frail hazard factors, demonstrating that a sound way of life that stays away from both over-eating and an inactive way of life is suggested for high-chance gatherings, for example, the kin of kids with type 1 diabetes. Notwithstanding, this is only one of various variables that have additionally been involved. These incorporate not being bosom taken care of, being the primary conceived, being conceived by cesarean area and having a more established or hefty mother.

Albeit a 'remedy' for type 1 diabetes is by and large effectively looked for, forestalling or deferring it in those known to be in danger or, in those as of now analyzed, hindering the auto-safe pulverization of beta cells and securing those phones that are as yet dynamic are probably going to be increasingly reachable objectives within a reasonable time-frame. Neither has been convincingly accomplished up 'til now.

What is diabetes?

What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a constant sickness that happens when the pancreas is not, at this point ready to make insulin, or when the body can't utilize the insulin it produces.

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that demonstrations like a key to let glucose from the food we eat go from the circulation system into the cells in the body to deliver vitality. All sugar nourishments are separated into glucose in the blood. Insulin assists glucose with getting into the cells.

Not having the option to create insulin or use it adequately prompts brought glucose step up in the blood (known as hyperglycaemia). Over the drawn out high glucose levels are related with harm to the body and disappointment of different organs and tissues.

Sorts of diabetes

There are three primary kinds of diabetes – type 1, type 2 and gestational.

Type 1 diabetes: can create at any age, yet happens most every now and again in youngsters and teenagers. At the point when you have type 1 diabetes, your body creates next to no or no insulin, which implies that you need day by day insulin infusions to keep up blood glucose levels levelled out. Find out additional.

Type 2 diabetes: is progressively basic in grown-ups and represents around 90% of all diabetes cases. At the point when you have type 2 diabetes, your body doesn't utilize the insulin that it produces. The foundation of type 2 diabetes treatment is solid way of life, including expanded physical action and sound eating routine. In any case, after some time the vast majority with type 2 diabetes will require oral medications or potentially insulin to monitor their blood glucose levels. Find out additional.

Gestational diabetes: (GDM) is a sort of diabetes that comprises of high blood glucose during pregnancy and is related with inconveniences to both mother and kid. GDM typically vanishes after pregnancy however ladies influenced and their kids are at expanded danger of creating type 2 diabetes further down the road.

Gestational diabetes is related with numerous unfriendly pregnancy results.

Ladies with gestational diabetes are at ensuing high danger of type 2 diabetes, particularly three to six years after conveyance.

Introduction to hyperglycaemia in the belly inclines kids to a high danger of getting overweight or hefty, related with the improvement of type 2 diabetes.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious and disregarded danger to maternal and kid wellbeing. Numerous ladies with GDM experience pregnancy-related entanglements including hypertension, huge birth weight babies and discouraged work. Around half of ladies with a background marked by GDM proceed to create type 2 diabetes inside five to ten years after conveyance.

The pervasiveness of high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) in pregnancy increments quickly with age and is most noteworthy in ladies beyond 45 years old.

There were an expected 223 million ladies (20-79 years) living with diabetes. This number is anticipated to increment to 343 million by 2045.

20 million or 16% of live births had some type of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. An expected 84% were because of gestational diabetes.

1 of every 6 births was influenced by gestational diabetes.

Most by far of instances of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy were in low-and center salary nations, where access to maternal consideration is regularly constrained.

It is significant for ladies with diabetes in pregnancy or GDM to deliberately control and screen their blood glucose levels to decrease the danger of unfavorable pregnancy results with the help of their medicinal services supplier.

Mental Health Basics Types of Mental Illness, Diagnosis, Treatments

Mental Health Basics Types of Mental Illness, Diagnosis, Treatments

What is emotional wellness?

Psychological well-being alludes to your passionate and mental prosperity. Having great psychological well-being encourages you lead a generally upbeat and sound life. It encourages you exhibit flexibility and the capacity to adapt despite life's difficulties.

Your psychological well-being can be impacted by an assortment of components, including life occasions or even your hereditary qualities.

There are numerous methodologies that can assist you with building up and keep great psychological well-being. These can include:

•           keeping an inspirational demeanor

•           staying truly dynamic

•           helping others

•           getting enough rest

•           eating a solid eating regimen

•           asking for proficient assistance with your psychological wellness on the off chance that you need it

•           socializing with individuals whom you appreciate investing energy with

•           forming and utilizing compelling adapting aptitudes to manage your issues

                   

What is psychological sickness?

A psychological sickness is a wide term which envelops a wide assortment of conditions which influence the manner in which you feel and think. It can likewise influence your capacity to get past everyday life. Dysfunctional behavior can be affected by a few distinct components, including:

•           Genetics

•           Environment

•           Daily propensities

•           Biology

Mental Health Statistics

Emotional well-being issues are regular in the United States. Around one out of five American grown-ups involvement with least one psychological instability every year. Also, around one out of five youngsters ages 13 to 18 experience a psychological maladjustment sooner or later in their lives, as well.

Albeit psychological instabilities are normal, they fluctuate in seriousness. Around one out of twenty five grown-ups experience a genuine psychological maladjustment (SMI) every year. A SMI can fundamentally lessen your capacity to do everyday life. Various gatherings of individuals experience SMIs at various rates.

As indicated by the National Institute of Mental Health, ladies are bound to encounter SMI than men. Those ages 18 to 25 are well on the way to encounter a SMI. Individuals with a blended race foundation are likewise bound to encounter a SMI than individuals of different ethnicities.

What is psychological maladjustment?

A psychological maladjustment is an expansive term which includes a wide assortment of conditions which influence the manner in which you feel and think. It can likewise influence your capacity to overcome everyday life. Psychological maladjustment can be impacted by a few unique elements, including:

•           Genetics

•           Environment

•           Daily propensities

•           Biology

Emotional well-being measurements

Emotional well-being issues are normal in the United States. Around one out of five American grown-ups involvement with least one psychological sickness every year. What's more, around one out of five youngsters ages 13 to 18 experience a psychological maladjustment sooner or later in their lives, as well.

Albeit psychological instabilities are normal, they fluctuate in seriousness. Around one of every 25 grown-ups experience a genuine dysfunctional behaviour (SMI) every year. A SMI can altogether lessen your capacity to complete day by day life. Various gatherings of individuals experience SMIs at various rates.

As indicated by the National Institute of Mental Health, ladies are bound to encounter SMI than men. Those ages 18 to 25 are well on the way to encounter a SMI. Individuals with a blended race foundation are additionally bound to encounter a SMI than individuals of different ethnicities.

Manifestations of PTSD may incorporate flashbacks or being effortlessly surprised. It's evaluated that 3.5 % of American grown-ups experience PTSD.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia disables an individual's view of the real world and their general surroundings. It meddles with their association with others. It's a genuine condition that needs treatment.

They may encounter fantasies, have hallucinations, and hear voices. These can conceivably place them in a hazardous circumstance whenever left untreated. It's evaluated that 1% of the American populace encounters schizophrenia.

Social tension issue

Social nervousness issue, at times called social fear, causes an outrageous dread of social circumstances. Individuals with social nervousness may turn out to be apprehensive about being around others. They may feel like they're being judged.

This can make it difficult to meet new individuals and go to parties. Approximately15 million grown-ups in the United States experience social tension every year.

Adapting to psychological instabilities

The side effects of numerous psychological maladjustments may deteriorate in the event that they're left untreated. Connect for mental assistance in the event that you or somebody you know may have a psychological maladjustment.

In case you're uncertain where to begin, visit your essential consideration specialist. They can help with the underlying determination and give a referral to a specialist.

Know that you can in any case have a full and upbeat existence with a psychological maladjustment. Working with an advisor and different individuals from your emotional well-being group will assist you with learning solid approaches to deal with your condition.

Emotional well-being manifestations

Each sort of psychological sickness causes its own manifestations. Yet, many offer some regular qualities.

Normal indications of a few psychological instabilities may include:

•           Not eating enough or indulging

•           Having a sleeping disorder or dozing excessively

•           Distancing yourself from others and most loved exercises

•           Feeling weariness even with enough rest

•           Feeling deadness or lacking sympathy

•           Experiencing unexplainable body torments or achiness

•           Feeling sad, powerless or lost

•           Smoking, drinking, or utilizing unlawful medications like never before previously

•           Feeling disarray, carelessness, peevishness, outrage, uneasiness, trouble, or fear

•           Constantly battling or contending with loved ones

•           Having outrageous emotional episodes that mess relationship up

•           Having steady flashbacks or contemplations that you can't escape your head

•           Hearing voices in your mind that you can't stop

•           Having contemplations of harming yourself or others

•           Being incapable to do every day exercises and tasks

Stress and times of enthusiastic misery can prompt a scene of side effects. That may make it hard for you to keep up typical conduct and exercises. This period is now and then called an apprehensive or mental breakdown.

Emotional wellness analysis

Diagnosing an emotional wellness issue is a multi-step process. During a first arrangement, your PCP may play out a physical test to search for indications of physical issues that could be adding to your side effects.

A few specialists may arrange a progression of research centre tests to screen for hidden or more subtle potential causes.

Your PCP may request that you round out an emotional wellness survey. You may likewise experience a mental assessment. You probably won't have a determination after your first arrangement.

Your primary care physician may allude you to an emotional well-being master. Since emotional well-being can be mind boggling and indications may shift from individual to individual, it might take a couple of arrangements for you to get a full finding.

Psychological well-being treatment

Treatment for psychological well-being issue isn't one size fits all, and it doesn't offer a fix. Rather, treatment plans to diminish manifestations, address basic causes, and make the condition reasonable.

You and your primary care physician will cooperate to discover an arrangement. It might be a mix of medicines since certain individuals have better outcomes with a multi-edge approach. Here are the most widely recognized psychological wellness medications:

Meds

The four principle classes of meds used to treat psychological wellness issue are antidepressants, hostile to nervousness meds, antipsychotic prescriptions, and temperament balancing out drugs.

Which type is best for you will rely upon the manifestations you experience and other medical problems you may confront? Individuals may attempt a couple of meds at various portions before discovering something that is directly for them.

Psychotherapy

Talk treatment is an open door for you to converse with a psychological well-being supplier about your encounters, sentiments, contemplations, and thoughts. Advisors principally go about as a sounding board and nonpartisan go between, helping you pick up adapting procedures and methodologies to oversee indications.

Emergency clinic and private treatment

A few people may require brief times of escalated treatment at medical clinics or private treatment offices. These projects permit a short-term remain for top to bottom treatment. There are additionally daytime programs, where individuals can take an interest in shorter times of treatment.

Way of life medicines and home cures

Elective medicines can be utilized notwithstanding standard medications as an enhancement. These means won't dispose of psychological wellness gives alone, yet they can be useful.

They incorporate adhering to your treatment plan as intently as could be expected under the circumstances, maintaining a strategic distance from liquor and medicates, and receiving a sound way of life that joins nourishments that might be an advantage to your mind. This incorporates omega-2 unsaturated fat, a kind of fish oil that happens normally in some high-fat fish.

Psychological wellness treatment

The term treatment alludes to a few styles of talk treatment. Treatment can be utilized to treat an assortment of disarranges, including alarm issue, tension, sorrow, outrage issues, bipolar turmoil, and post-horrendous pressure issue.

Treatment assists individuals with distinguishing psychological wellness issues and undesirable practices or thought designs. During meetings you and your specialist can work to change these considerations and practices.

By and large, specialists centre on current issues, things that are influencing your everyday

 life, and assist you with discovering answers for what you're encountering continuously, yet each specialist's methodology is unique.

Emotional well-being works out

Physical exercise is incredible for your body. Moving, swimming, strolling, and running lift cardio wellbeing and quality. They're likewise extraordinary for your psyche. Research shows they can help lessen indications of wretchedness and uneasiness.

Strategies to prevent heart disease

Strategies to prevent heart disease

A healthy lifestyle contributes significantly to effective heart care. In particular, this includes sufficient physical activity and a healthy diet. In addition to these aspects of a healthy lifestyle, it can also make sense to suppress the outbreak of a heart disease with medication in some cases - for people at high risk for cardiovascular diseases - in the context of cardiovascular disease.

Every family doctor is required to determine the cardiovascular risk of his patients. Every patient should know their risk of developing cardiovascular disease. If necessary, he can discuss an individual risk reduction strategy with his doctor.

Heart care with physical activity

A metabolic equivalent (MET) corresponds approximately to the oxygen intake when sitting still (3.5 ml / kg / min). Athletes can easily increase their oxygen intake by 10 to 15 times and accordingly reach 10 - 15 MET. On the other hand, untrained people often stay at <8 MET.

Physical training that increases performance by 1 MET already leads to a 20% risk reduction in cardiovascular diseases. This effect is also observed in overweight people. Overweight people with good cardiovascular performance live longer than overweight people with poor performance.

The same applies to the causal risk factors. A diabetic can significantly reduce his cardiovascular risk through physical training. Of course, physical training also helps to reduce body weight and keep it in the desired area in the long term. The blood pressure values decrease. Also, physical exercise in people with low blood sugar levels is an extremely effective way to prevent the onset of overt blood sugar.

It's not about exhausting yourself to the point of exhaustion. Rather, the aim should be a load that is not too strong but even. Fast walking or careful jogging, cycling and swimming are good reasons to name just a few. This activity should be done 3-4 times a week for at least 30 minutes. For fast walking, 120-140 minutes per week are sufficient to noticeably increase performance and reduce the cardiovascular risk.

Healthy nutrition for heart prevention

A balanced, healthy diet has important positive effects on body weight, blood fat and blood sugar levels and, at least indirectly, even on blood pressure. Overall, there are some principles that make healthy eating easier. This includes that you can go crazy if it happens only occasionally and as part of an otherwise balanced diet.

On the other hand, there is certainly no contradiction between tasty and healthy. In many cases you will enjoy a fruit salad rather than a chocolate bar. But it takes a little more time.

Although the number of heart diseases has declined significantly in the past 10 years, which is partly due to the improved possibilities of medicine and technology, but also with prevention (including healthy eating, exercise), about 25% of all deaths are still present Attributed to heart disease. Improper nutrition plays an important role in heart diseases, e.g. found that the risk of heart disease is higher for people who eat a lot of saturated fat and little fresh fruit and vegetables.

Prevent atherosclerosis

In the case of diseases of the heart, there is usually arteriosclerosis (fatty arteries and hardening of the arteries), a vascular change that develops over a long period (20 - 30 years) and does not cause any symptoms at first.

                                        

                                      

Atherosclerosis development is accelerated by risk factors such as

Overweight,

Smoke,

Diabetes mellitus and

High blood pressure.

The best way to prevent arteriosclerosis is to eat a healthy, balanced diet. These include unsaturated fatty acids, i.e. especially vegetable fats and lots of fiber. Studies show that vegetarians are less at risk of cardiovascular disease than people who eat meat. Therefore, avoiding meat can reduce the formation of arteriosclerosis.

Physical exercise is also particularly important. Rather half an hour 3 times a week than 3 hours once a week.

Prevent elevated cholesterol

A distinction is made between cholesterol between HDL ("good" cholesterol) and LDL ("bad" cholesterol).

Cholesterol is found in all human and animal cells and is involved in cell building, the production of hormones, the formation of bile acids and the formation of vitamin D. And yet cholesterol plays a major role in the development of arteriosclerosis. High cholesterol levels are not only caused by improper nutrition, but are often also based on an interaction of behaviours (little exercise, wrong diet) and genetic dispositions. You can achieve a lot through a healthy diet.

It is very important to exclude or reduce the risk factors. I.e. Reduce obesity with a balanced, varied, low-calorie diet, stop smoking and properly treat diabetes and high blood pressure. Because reducing risk factors almost always lowers the high cholesterol level “on its own”.

With a reduction of 2mg / dl cholesterol, a risk reduction of 2% is achieved. Blood pressure drops by 2 mm / Hg per kilogram of weight reduction. So it is worth living healthy. If the cholesterol levels are too high in the long term, the cholesterol (mainly LDL) can accumulate on the arterial walls over time and eventually lead to a total occlusion of the artery. Heart attack! But you can prevent this in part with the help of a healthy diet.

What is the right diet?

50% of the daily energy, the basis of a healthy diet, should consist of carbohydrates: whole grains and whole grain products, bread, pasta, rice and potatoes are ideal.

15% of the daily energy should be covered by low-fat protein carriers such as fish, low-fat cheese (F.i.Tr. <30%), low-fat milk products (<1.5%) and low-fat sausage.

30% of your daily energy should consist of fat, but: Fat is not just fat. Saturated fatty acids, i.e. Animal fats, such as butter, lard, cream should be greatly reduced, as they negatively affect the cholesterol level (lower HDL, increase LDL).

The daily drinking amount should be between 1.5 and 2.0 litres, e.g. Mineral water, herbal and fruit teas.

The daily intake of cholesterol that is taken in through food should not exceed 300 mg, i.e. as little animal fat and food as possible. Vegetable fats are better, such as the monounsaturated fatty acids e.g. Olive oil and rapeseed oil (increase HDL, lower total cholesterol) and the polyunsaturated fatty acids such as sunflower oil, safflower oil, walnut oil (lower total cholesterol), which have a positive effect on cholesterol levels.

Even if our cholesterol level is positively influenced by oils, you should not use too much, since oils also contain many calories and, if consumed too often, promote excess weight.

How can a heart-healthy diet be designed?

·       As little animal fat as possible.

·       The highest possible proportion of vegetable fats.

·       Especially monounsaturated fatty acids (olive / rapeseed oil).

·       Less than 300 mg total cholesterol / day.

·       As much fiber as possible (> 30g / day).

·       Little sugar and sugary.

·       Salt little, rather use lots of herbs / spices.

·       Lots of fruit, vegetables and salad.

·       Drink a lot.

·       Take time to eat.

If you take these points into account in your daily diet, you have a varied, healthy and tasty diet that protects the heart and health and contributes to daily well-being.

Stop smoking

Smoking is extremely harmful to the body. This applies to both cardiovascular and cancer diseases. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease is 2 to 3 times higher on average for a smoker than for a non-smoker. The risk is even higher with heavy smoking. Cardiovascular diseases typically break out earlier in smokers.

Young people who suffer from cardiovascular diseases, especially women, are almost always smokers and would stay free of the disease for longer - perhaps lifelong - without smoking. If smoking is stopped, the cardiovascular risk decreases by 40-50%. Unfortunately, this often only happens when a heart attack or stroke with unavoidable damage has already occurred.

Smoking is not a pleasure, but an addiction. Unfortunately, many children and adolescents still use cigarettes, so that their vascular system is exposed to severe stress very early on. Blood clots develop and the blood vessels age prematurely. They become susceptible to diseases and tend to calcify.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Founder of the Nation)

1941-1947 (THE TRANSFER OF POWER)

The period of 1941-1947 is very important in the political career of Quaid-i-Azam regarding establishment of Pakistan. The Pakistan Resolution of 23rd March 1940 defined the goal of Pakistan. On the face of Congress opposition to the Pakistan scheme, Quaid-i-Azam stood firm like a rock. In an article published in the Times and Tide of London, Quaid-i-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims are two different nations and insisted on the two nations sharing the governance of their common motherland.1

The Second World War had a significant effect on the events leading to creation of Pakistan. The British Government was eager to attain the cooperation of leading parties of India including All India Muslim League. Quaid-i-Azam elaborated Lord Linlithgow on the League Working Committee’s stance that as a pre-condition of League’s full cooperation and support to the war effort, the British Government should give assurance that no policy declaration would be made or any constitution framed without the approval or consent of the Indian Muslims.2

On August 8, 1940, in a view to gain Indian support, the British Government issued a white paper that “after the war a constituent Assembly would be formed which will include all the elements of the national life and its task would be to prepare the framework of the country’s future constitution”.3 The scheme was called the August Offer. Quaid-i-Azam as a constitutionalist realized the importance of August Offer and in a meeting of League Working Committee “expressed his satisfaction over the British Government decision that no future constitution would be adopted without the prior approval and consent of the League”.4

To bring an end to the political deadlock of India, the British Government send Sir Stafford Cripps. He arrived in India on 22nd March 1942 and held talks with Indian leaders including Quaid-i-Azam on his famous proposal called as CRIPPS PROPOSALS. The proposals included some important points like complete independence to India after war, framing of new Constituent Assembly and if a province wants not to accede, she was given this option.

The Cripps proposals were rejected both by the Congress and Muslim League. Though Quaid-i-Azam was against these proposals and termed it as “vaguer terms and unfair to Muslims in obliging them to take part in a constitution making body whose main object, contrary to their, was the creation of an all-India union”.5 Besides rejecting, Quaid-i-Azam saw a ray of hope in the Cripps proposals and had admitted that the only positive aspect of the plan was that” for the first time, the British Government agreed in principle to the idea of partition”.6

The Congress was adamant to oppose the British Government at any cost. To give impetus to this stance, the Congress Working Committee on 14th July 1942 passed a Resolution calling upon the British Government to quite India immediately. Quaid-i-Azam sensed the real motive of Congress Resolution. In an statement to the press, Quaid-i-Azam revealed that the aim of the Congress is “blackmailing the British and coercing them to concede a system of government and transfer power to that government which would establish a Hindu raj immediately under the aegis of the British bayonet thereby placing the Muslims and other minorities and interests at the mercy of the Congress raj”.7

Not all Muslims looked up to Jinnah. Many criticized him, some because they found him too Westernized, others because he was too straight and uncompromising. One young man, motivated by religious fervour and belonging to the Khaksar, a religious party, attempted to assassinate him on 26 July 1943. Armed with a knife he broke into Jinnah’s home in Bombay and succeeded in wounding him before he was overpowered. Jinnah publicly appealed to his followers and friends to “remain calm and cool”8 The League declared 13 August a day of thanksgiving through out India.

When Gandhi realized that Quit India Movement was heading nowhere but towards failure, he approached the Viceroy and at the same time, sought settlement with the Muslim League. With this end in view, C. Rajagopalachari, the only person who was seeking some understanding with the Muslims, wrote a letter to Quaid-i-Azam on 8 April 1944. He forwarded to the Quaid-i-Azam his formula known as C.R. Formula.

C. Rajagopalachari termed it “a basis for a settlement which I discussed with Gandhiji in March 1943 and of which he expressed full approval”.9 Quaid-i-Azam responded to C. R. Formula not by himself but instead said that the matter to be presented before Working Committee of the All India Muslim League. Salient features of the C. R. Formula were formation of interim government, plebiscite to decide the issue of separation from Hindustan, mutual agreements in case of partition etc. The C.R. formula became the basis for Gandhi in connection with his talks with Quaid-i-Azam.

JINNAH GANDHI TALKS are an interesting chapter in the history of India. The two major figures of their parties were watched with an air of expectancy, aimed at breaking the political stalemate between the League and the Congress for a settlement to pave the way for Indian independence. Though the talks were between two personalities but actually it was the clash of two schemes, C. R. Formula advocated by Gandhi and Pakistan Resolution by Quaid-i-Azam. Gandhi and Jinnah met on 9 September 1944 and the meeting was followed by a series of letters exchanged between the two. In a letter wrote to Gandhi, Quaid-i-Azam questioned his position, “representative Character and capacity on behalf of the Hindus or the Congress”.10 Quaid further wrote that you cannot discuss the Hindu-Muslim settlement and you have no authority to do so. To this M. K. Gandhi replied that he was participating in the talks in individual capacity.11 Quaid-i-Azam primarily based his views on Lahore Resolution that the areas in which the Muslims are in majority should be grouped to constitute independent states. M. K. Gandhi insisted on C.R. Formula as starting point. He added that after the war an interim government would be set up and a plebiscite will be held as to decide in favour of separation from Hindustan or against it. To this Jinnah replied and saught clarification for the mechanism and authority to decide and work out these matters. The Jinnah-Gandhi talks failed as C.R. Formula and Pakistan Resolution could not be reconciled. But it exposed the Gandhi’s Congressite-cum-Mahasabhite face. He wrote to Quaid-i-Azam that “I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their dependants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock”.12 Quaid-i-Azam reiterated that Muslims are a nation by any definition and by all canons of international law.

The failure of Gandhi-Jinnah talks necessitated the need for all the political parties of India to come to some political settlement of the communal tangle. On June 14, 1945, Lord Wavell announced for re-organization of Governor General’s Executive Council. The arrangement put forward by Lord Wavell is called WAVELL PLAN. A conference was called by the Viceroy at Simla and invited inter alia Quaid-i-Azam to attend the Conference. At the SIMLA CONFERENCE the Muslim seats became the bone of contention. Congress insisted on nominating two Muslims of its own while Quaid-i-Azam demanded that “all Muslims appointed to the Council should be from among the All India Muslim League”.13 The Simla Conference failed mainly because of the refusal of the British Government and the Congress to recognize the All-India Muslim League as the only representative body of Muslim India. Now the challenge before Quaid-i-Azam and Muslim League was to prove that Muslim League is the only representative organization of Muslim India and it was proved in the General Elections of 1945-46.

To set the preparations for GENERAL-ELECTIONS 1945-46, a campaign for collection of funds was started in July 1945. In response donations in large sums received from all over the India and the Indian Muslims abroad. Parliamentary Boards were set-up in each province to decide the issue of allocation of Muslim League tickets. The democratic attitude of Quaid-i-Azam can be witnessed in allocation of seats and it was made clear by Quaid-i-Azam that he will never interfere with the work of the Parliamentary Boards nor be interceded on behalf of any aspirant. Quaid-i-Azam urged on the Leaguers to concentrate exclusively on the elections. In a telegram to medical students of Calcutta, he advised “establish complete unity, face election with grim determination. Issue life-death. Every vote for the League means rescue of hundred million Musalmans, Islam Pakistan”.14 The League performed well in the elections. It swept all the Muslim seats in the Central Assembly and captures 428 out of 492 Muslim seats in the provincial legislatures. The League’s claim to speak on behalf of Muslim India has now been fully realized.

After the War the British Government was left with no option but to give independence to India. In these circumstances the Secretary of State for India, Lord Pathick Lawrence on February 19, 1946, announced the formation of the CABINET MISSION to solve the Indian political tangle. The salient features of Cabinet Mission Plan were long term and short term. The long term plans were union of India, grouping of India into 3 groups based on Communal lines and option of reconsideration for any group, the terms of constitution after 10 years. The Short term plan including setting up of an interim government by the Indian representatives. Quaid-i-Azam rejected the Cabinet Mission plan and in a statement on 22 May 1946 said, “Pakistan is the only solution to the constitutional problems of India”.15 But being a lover of democracy, the Quaid-i-Azam rested the decision with the League Council. In the meeting of League Council, Quaid-i-Azam expressed his firm faith that the Muslims of India would not feel at rest till the creation of Pakistan. He further added, “the scheme contained in itself, a basis for Pakistan”.16 The Congress out rightly rejected the Cabinet Mission Plan while the Muslim League accepted it. It was binding on the British’s Government to invite Muslim League for the formation of interim government but it was not done so. Under these circumstances, the League on 27 July 1946, decided to withdraw its support for the plan and to take DIRECT ACTION to attain Pakistan. In this meeting Quaid-i-Azam remarked, “the Cabinet Mission has played into the hands of the Congress. It has played game of its own”.17 However due to the stern responses, the League along with Congress was invited to form the interim government.

The last Governor General of India, Louis Mountbatten arrived India on 22nd March 1947. Louis Mountbatten was sent by the British Government on a special mission to transfer power to India. With this end in view he prepared a plan for the transfer of power known as MOUNTBATTEN PLAN OR 3RD JUNE PLAN. Important points of 3rd June Plan were adequate arrangements of Punjab and Bengal assemblies if they favor partition of these provinces, referendum in KPK and Sylhet for deciding their fate to join India or Pakistan etc. The Plan was presented on June 2, 1947 before the Indian leaders including Quaid-i-Azam. Being a constitutionalist and firm believer in democratic norms, he remarked, “I can express my own opinion in this regard but the Muslim League is a democratic institution. Therefore, the League and Working Committee would contact the people before making any final decision”.18 The plan was finally approved by League Council on 9th August 1947.19 The plan of 3rd June paved the way for partition of India in general and of Punjab and Bengal in particular.

To give effect to the 3rd June Plan, a commission was formed headed by Sir Cyril Radcliff known as RADCLIFFE COMMISSION. The Commission was assigned the task of demarcating the contiguous Muslim and non-Muslim majority areas of the Punjab and Bengal. The award of Radcliffe Commission was very astonishing to the Muslims. Great injustices were done by the Award. The Muslim majority areas of Gurdaspur, Jullundur, Ferozpur, Zira and Ambala were handed over to India due to the clandestine efforts of Congress in general and V.P. Menon in particular. The Quaid-i-Azam expressed his grief and resentment on the Award and said that they have been squeezed inasmuch as it was possible and it was an unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse Award.20 During these circumstances the independent Muslim State of Pakistan emerged on the map of the world on 14th August 1947 and Quaid-i-Azam became the undisputed first Governor General of Pakistan.

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